American food producers see bonanza in Cuba, but steep barriers remain
By Karen DeYoung June 18 at 12:47 PM
Before the U.S. embargo, Cuba bought more American rice than any other
country in the world. Now, most Cuban rice comes from Vietnam. Last
year, Cuba imported $200 million worth of wheat — virtually all of it
from Europe and Canada and none from the United States, the largest
global exporter.
Many U.S. agricultural producers thought those facts would begin to
change this year, as U.S. relations with Cuba improved.
But in the six months since President Obama announced a new opening to
the island, sales of U.S. foodstuffs — among the few U.S. products
allowed, with restrictions, under the embargo — have dropped by half,
from $160 million in the first quarter of 2014, to $83 million this year.
Even frozen chicken, which has led U.S. food exports to Cuba for years,
had lost favor in Havana long before fears of the U.S. bird flu epidemic
led this month to a ban on all poultry purchases.
As the administration wraps up negotiations with Cuba that are expected
to lead to restored diplomatic ties this summer, only Congress can lift
the embargo that still prevents nearly all financial and trade relations
and severely limits even the few permitted exports.
Obama has said he wants that to happen, and U.S. producers from major
agribusiness companies to small farmers have joined a bipartisan force
of farm state governors and lawmakers to help overturn restrictions they
say are keeping them out of a $2 billion annual market.
"Opening a new export market means a new source of revenue," said Devry
Boughner, vice president at Cargill Inc., the Minnesota-based
agribusiness giant and a co-founder in January of the U.S. Agriculture
Coalition for Cuba.
While Cuba's 11 million people are not the world's biggest market,
Boughner said in an interview, "it's a market that's right in our target
zone." With Cuba only 90 miles away, she said, it makes little sense "to
be losing out to competitors who take longer to ship it there, who might
not even have the same quality" as U.S. products.
Cubans rival Southeast Asians as prodigious consumers of rice. Within
two years, Riceland Foods vice president Terry Harris told the Senate
Agriculture Committee in April, American rice could be providing up to
135,000 metric tons, 30 percent of the Cuban market. Within a decade, he
said, that figure could rise to 75 percent or more.
Doug Keesling, a fifth generation Kansas wheat farmer, told the panel he
saw no "compelling reason" for Congress to "restrict the freedom of
Americans to engage in commerce, especially for those who are just
trying to sell wholesome, American-grown food."
"I can put my wheat in an elevator in Kansas, send it by rail down to
the Gulf, put it on a ship that's a couple days away from Havana
harbor," Keesling said. "But my wheat's still going to lose out to wheat
that has been on a boat for a week from Canada, or even two weeks from
France."
Yet despite a series of hearings, conferences, concerted lobbying and a
stream of trade delegations to Cuba from both Republican and Democratic
states this year, the embargo remains firmly in place, with little
promise of early action.
Many lawmakers are receptive to Obama's call to jettison a policy he
says has failed for more than a half century to effect change in Cuba.
But for most, lifting the sanctions remains just one more unwelcome
controversy in a contentious Congress.
Others want to retain congressional power to block a White House
initiative they deeply oppose. They include GOP presidential candidates
Sen. Marco Rubio (Fla.), who has accused Obama of turning his back on
Cubans oppressed by their communist government, and Sen. Ted Cruz
(Tex.), both sons of Cubans who emigrated before Fidel Castro's 1959
revolution.
Obama, Cruz charged, had thrown an "economic lifeline" to Cuba just as
the embargo and diplomatic freeze had left its communist regime "gasping
for air."
Malnutrition rates in Cuba are "very low," according to the World Food
Program, on par with the United States and the rest of the highly
developed world. Staples are guaranteed via government-issued ration
cards. But domestic agricultural production rates are abysmal, equipment
and farming methods are antiquated, and up to 80 percent of Cuban food
is imported.
Subsidies from the then-Soviet bloc helped fill the food gap for decades
after the U.S. embargo was first imposed in 1960. The Soviet collapse
left Cuba in deep recession in the early 1990s, and Havana welcomed the
lifting of some U.S. restrictions on food and medical exports in 2000.
Despite permitting cash-only transactions, U.S. food sales rose to a
2008 peak of $710 million before starting a downward trajectory that
appears this year to have gone off a cliff, according to figures
compiled by the New York-based U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council.
When current President Raul Castro took over nearly a decade ago he
adopted more pragmatic policies than his older brother, and U.S exports
increased. But the complication and high expense of buying American in
recent years has diminished Cuban zeal. U.S. prices may be competitive
and transportation cheaper over the short distance, but the cost of
doing business with the United States is high.
Cash-only limits remain, although Obama has eased the restriction
somewhat by requiring payment when title to the goods is transferred in
Cuba, rather than up-front before goods are shipped.
But Cuba's lack of cash makes that a rarely used option. Most purchases
are made on credit, and the embargo allows no U.S. financing. Instead,
Cuba must go through third countries, with Havana obtaining a loan from
a foreign bank. That bank then communicates with the bank of a U.S.
producer, which arranges the sale with the producer himself. The process
is then reversed, with each stage involving lengthy bureaucracy and
significant fees.
Cubans "are not going hungry; they're just buying wheat from other
countries," said farmer Keesling. "That may be more expensive than mine
in a free market, but it is now a much better value because there aren't
massive compliance costs accompanying every purchase."
Some opponents of lifting the embargo maintain that increased U.S. sales
will only benefit the Cuban government, since all agricultural imports
must go through the state agency, called Alimport.
Boughner and others point out that Cuba is not unique in that regard.
Until recently, both Canada and Australia handled all of their wheat
imports with state boards. "We've had examples through history where
states have been involved in trading, but it doesn't mean we don't trade
with them," Boughner said.
The U.S. food business also sees potential in the eventual lifting of
remaining restrictions on American travel to Cuba. In addition to
sampling Cuban cuisine, tourists will want to eat and drink what they
are used to from home, industry analysts believe.
Karen DeYoung is associate editor and senior national security
correspondent for the Washington Post.
Source: American food producers see bonanza in Cuba, but steep barriers
remain - The Washington Post -
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/american-food-producers-see-bonanza-in-cuba-but-steep-barriers-remain/2015/06/18/1e9f0d5a-1502-11e5-89f3-61410da94eb1_story.html?wprss=rss_national-security
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